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Introduced to the Indian subcontinent during the colonial period (via the Philippines/Manila galleon trade), it has become naturalized across Gujarat's semi-arid plains, coastal hinterlands, agricultural field bunds, railway lines, and degraded wastelands. It is widely planted as a live thorny hedge, avenue tree, and fruit tree across South Gujarat, Central Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Anand, Kheda, Vadodara), and Saurashtra
IUCN, "Patel, R. I. (1988). Forest Flora of Gujarat State. Forest Department, Gujarat State, Baroda." "Shah, G. L. (1978). Flora of Gujarat State (Vol. 1). Sardar Patel University Press, Vallabh Vidyanagar, pp. 278�280." "Roxburgh, W. (1798). Plants of the Coast of Coromandel (Vol. 1). W. Bulmer & Co., London, p. 67, t. 99." "Bentham, G. (1844). Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species. London Journal of Botany, 3, 195�223."
